End-of-life (EOL) solar PV modules present a unique challenge to circularity-conscious and environmentally sensitive waste management efforts.  Ever-increasing quantities are discarded each year, with few options available for recycling. In addition to modules approaching the end of their 20-year service lives, tens of thousands of modules are damaged by severe weather events, annually. It is estimated that by 2030, the cumulative value of certain recoverable critical materials contained in EOL modules will be $450 million, equivalent to the material input currently needed to produce 60 million new modules. The primary challenge faced by the solar recycling industry is one of grade. That is, EOL modules contain proportionally large amounts of low-value material and a comparatively small amount of high-value material.